<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	xmlns:georss="http://www.georss.org/georss" xmlns:geo="http://www.w3.org/2003/01/geo/wgs84_pos#" xmlns:media="http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>Marcelo Ruiz</title>
	<atom:link href="http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com</link>
	<description>Brazilian Law</description>
	<lastBuildDate>Mon, 31 Jan 2011 22:55:42 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>hourly</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>1</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>http://wordpress.com/</generator>
<cloud domain='marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com' port='80' path='/?rsscloud=notify' registerProcedure='' protocol='http-post' />
<image>
		<url>http://0.gravatar.com/blavatar/4b0b469c35ce00b929dbda59ef3b6b80?s=96&#038;d=http%3A%2F%2Fs2.wp.com%2Fi%2Fbuttonw-com.png</url>
		<title>Marcelo Ruiz</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com</link>
	</image>
	<atom:link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/osd.xml" title="Marcelo Ruiz" />
	<atom:link rel='hub' href='http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?pushpress=hub'/>
		<item>
		<title>Bill would make ratings agencies share liability</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/10/02/bill-would-make-ratings-agencies-share-liability/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/10/02/bill-would-make-ratings-agencies-share-liability/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 02 Oct 2009 22:07:10 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Rating agencies]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=93</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A key House lawmaker wants to make credit rating agencies &#8211; which have been widely criticized for failing to give investors adequate warning of the risks in subprime mortgage securities that triggered the financial crisis &#8211; responsible for each other&#8217;s assessments by holding them collectively liable for inaccuracies. The new draft bill includes a plan [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=93&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A key House lawmaker wants to make credit rating agencies &#8211; which have been widely criticized for failing to give investors adequate warning of the risks in subprime mortgage securities that triggered the financial crisis &#8211; responsible for each other&#8217;s assessments by holding them collectively liable for inaccuracies.</p>
<p>The new draft bill includes a plan meant to address what critics contend is the crux of the current system&#8217;s problem: companies that issue securities &#8211; as opposed to investors &#8211; pay the agencies for ratings of those securities.</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/93/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=93&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/10/02/bill-would-make-ratings-agencies-share-liability/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Brazil allows greater equity investments by pension funds</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/brazil-allows-greater-equity-investments-by-pension-funds/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/brazil-allows-greater-equity-investments-by-pension-funds/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 30 Sep 2009 18:59:13 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Pension Funds]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=90</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos Adapting to a new scenario of diminished domestic interest rates, Brazil&#8217;s National Monetary Council has raised limits for pension fund investment in equities to 70% from 50% previously. The strategy would allow for an additional R$ 90 billion in pension fund investments in stocks. Brazilian private pension funds currently administer R$450 billion [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=90&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos</p>
<p>Adapting to a new scenario of diminished domestic interest rates, Brazil&#8217;s National Monetary Council has raised limits for pension fund investment in equities to 70% from 50% previously. The strategy would allow for an additional R$ 90 billion in pension fund investments in stocks.</p>
<p>Brazilian private pension funds currently administer R$450 billion in total assets. Brazil&#8217;s Central Bank has cut the country&#8217;s reference Selic interest rate by five percentage points this year to an all-time low of 8.75% annually.</p>
<p>In addition to increasing overall investment limits, the government would begin to allow managers to invest up to 10% of their resources in overseas funds. Previously, such investments were prohibited.</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/90/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=90&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/09/30/brazil-allows-greater-equity-investments-by-pension-funds/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Empresas firmam compromissos ambiental</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/grandes-empresas-firmam-compromissos-ambie/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/grandes-empresas-firmam-compromissos-ambie/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 Aug 2009 13:51:16 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ambiental]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=85</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A cem dias da Conferência do Clima de Copenhague, um grupo de 22 das maiores empresas nacionais e entidades privadas lançou ontem, em São Paulo, um documento que é um marco na posição do setor produtivo rumo à economia de baixo carbono. O texto, espécie de &#8220;carta ambiental&#8221;, é um sinal de que a agenda [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=85&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>A cem dias da Conferência do Clima de Copenhague, um grupo de 22 das maiores empresas nacionais e entidades privadas lançou ontem, em São Paulo, um documento que é um marco na posição do setor produtivo rumo à economia de baixo carbono. O texto, espécie de &#8220;carta ambiental&#8221;, é um sinal de que a agenda comercial flerta cada vez mais com os tópicos da negociação internacional sobre a mudança do clima. A maioria dos signatários tem perfil exportador e teme perder mercado se não embarcar na temática verde. &#8220;A empresa que não tem preocupação ambiental vai sofrer mais lá na frente, vai pagar essa conta&#8221;, afirmou Roger Agnelli, diretor-presidente da Vale e um dos líderes do movimento.</p>
<p>Na carta, lançada durante o seminário &#8220;Brasil e as Mudanças Climáticas&#8221;, promovido pelo Valor e pela &#8220;GloboNews&#8221;, os líderes empresariais assumem cinco compromissos básicos, da publicação anual de inventários de emissões de gases estufa ao rastreamento da cadeia de fornecedores. Também elencam nove propostas para influenciar as posições brasileiras nas discussões do acordo climático de Copenhague, cobram do governo liderança nas negociações e apoiam a criação de um sistema de incentivo para a preservação das florestas.</p>
<p>O movimento ainda não tem adesão de um número significativo de empresas. Entidades de classe tradicionais não estavam representadas. O ministro Carlos Minc, do Meio Ambiente, citou a resistência do agronegócio no Congresso às iniciativas para conter o desmatamento.</p>
<p>Na carta, os empresários prometem perseguir a redução contínua do &#8220;balanço líquido de emissões de CO2&#8243;. Na prática, falam em corte sem apresentar números, em rota similar à do governo brasileiro, que prefere falar em &#8220;compromissos&#8221;. Agnelli pediu que não se perca tempo com semântica. O chefe dos negociadores brasileiros, Luiz Alberto Figueiredo Machado, cedeu: &#8220;Se querem chamar de metas, chamem de metas&#8221;.</p>
<p>A carta dos empresários foi entregue a Minc, ao ministro da Ciência e Tecnologia, Sergio Machado Rezende, e ao chefe dos negociadores brasileiros. Entre os signatários estão Antonio Maciel Neto, presidente da Suzano, Wilson Ferreira Jr., da CPFL Energia, José Luciano Penido, da VCP, Guilherme Leal, da Natura, e Otávio de Azevedo, da Andrade Gutierrez.</p>
<p>Fonte: Daniela Chiaretti e Jacilio Saraiva, Valor em 26/08/2009</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/85/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=85&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/26/grandes-empresas-firmam-compromissos-ambie/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Fundos Hedge e Fundos Multimercados</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/fundos-hedge-e-fundos-multimercados/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/fundos-hedge-e-fundos-multimercados/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2009 20:59:20 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fundos Multimercados]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hedge Funds]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linkedin]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=81</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos Os fundos hedge não possuem uma regulamentação específica e sim  características que os identificam, tais como: i.          Liberdade operacional, permite aos seus gestores adotar praticamente quaisquer estratégias lícitas de investimento inclusive a venda a descoberto, alavancagem financeira e contratos derivativos, como CDO &#8211; Collateralized Debt Obligations; ii.         Pouca proteção do [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=81&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Os fundos hedge não possuem uma regulamentação específica e sim  características que os identificam, tais como:</p>
<p>i.          Liberdade operacional, permite aos seus gestores adotar praticamente quaisquer estratégias lícitas de investimento inclusive a venda a descoberto, alavancagem financeira e contratos derivativos, como CDO &#8211; Collateralized Debt Obligations;</p>
<p>ii.         Pouca proteção do capital investido, apesar do nome hedge (proteção) e do fato de que a maioria dos atuais fundos hedge busquem objetivos de retorno absoluto, ou seja, valorização ainda que os indicadores financeiros tradicionais estejam em queda, não há necessariamente a adoção de medidas de proteção do investimento;</p>
<p>iii.        Estrutura de remuneração baseada em elevadas taxas de performance e em taxas de administração;</p>
<p>iv.        Investimento no fundo por parte dos próprios gestores, demonstrando alinhamento de interesses com os demais investidores;</p>
<p>v.         Acesso apenas para investidores qualificados ou institucionais, como  forma de limitação dos riscos inerentes.</p>
<p>Em relação à liberdade operacional, esta é uma vantagem e permite ao gestor adotar com rapidez a estratégia ou instrumento que estime adequado para atingir os objetivos do fundo, conforme eventualmente contratado no regulamento. Em fundos hedge com perfil arrojado, o regulamento explicita somente que o gestor tem total liberdade de utilizar todas as técnicas e instrumentos financeiros que entender necessário, mesmo que resulte em perdas ou dívidas futuras para os investidores.</p>
<p>As características acima não apontam existência de um fundo hedge, pois é natural e usual que fundos de investimento tradicionais utilizem uma ou outra característica, ou de que um fundo hedge possua algumas dessas características, mas não necessariamente todas ao mesmo tempo.</p>
<p>A Itália parece estar mais próxima de uma definição, pois os <em>fondi speculativi</em> reúnem as características mais comuns aos fundos hedge. Em outros países, como os Estados Unidos, esses fundos tomam diversas formas, tais como estruturas societárias ou contratuais complexas e sofisticadas.</p>
<p>A maioria dos fundos hedge estão constituídos nas Ilhas Cayman, Bahamas, Ilhas Virgens Britânicas, Gibraltar, Malta, Ilhas do Canal, Chipre, Mauritius e escritórios de advocacia especializados providenciam a formatação de todos os documentos legais necessários, inclusive constituição e licenciamento do fundo, constituição e licenciamento da empresa gestora do fundo, prospecto ou regulamento do fundo, contratos entre o fundo/gestor e agente de custódia, consultor de investimento, gestor, banqueiros, cartórios e autoridades locais e diretores do fundo. Outro ponto importante é a gestão do fundo, planejamento tributário para o fundo e promotores.</p>
<p>No Brasil, a figura mais próxima dos fundos hedge são os fundos de investimento multimercados, regulamentados pela Instrução CVM 409/04, e que também podem ser usados como estrutura de fundos de investimento tradicionais.<strong></strong></p>
<p>Os fundos multimercados são conhecidos por investirem em ativos variados como ações, renda fixa, câmbio, commodities e derivativos, pulverizando o risco e trazendo rentabilidade para seus clientes em cenários de alta ou baixa.</p>
<p>Na prática existem três grandes grupos de fundos multimercados:</p>
<p><strong>Fundos de Apostas Multidirecionais</strong>, aqueles que investem em vários ativos simultaneamente diversificando suas aplicações, porém não representam a maioria da categoria.</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Fundos de Apostas Unidirecionais</strong>, aqueles que investem em ativos parecidos, restringindo ao máximo a diversificação. Estes são maioria e apesar da centralização em ativos semelhantes, se beneficiam do maior poder de decisão do gestor. Na linguagem financeira seriam fundos de renda fixa turbinados.</p>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Fundos Alavancados</strong>, investem em apostas multidirecionais e unidirecionais, porém investem várias vezes o patrimônio do fundo em operações de alto risco, resultando em grandes ganhos ou perdas.</p>
<p> Os fundos multimercados são uma boa alternativa de diversificação para o investidor, principalmente se o gestor acertar suas apostas e pela sua liberdade de ganhar dinheiro em vários mercados e sem as restrições da renda fixa e os limites que impedem a alavancagem em várias carteiras.</p>
<p> As limitações deste tipo de investimento têm origem na forma como o mercado de capitais se estruturou no Brasil. Por razões históricas, o mercado financeiro brasileiro tem poucos ativos defensivos, ou seja, não existem ativos que fiquem estáveis ou depreciem quando tudo vai bem, mas que subam quando tudo vai mal.</p>
<p>Por isso, o gestor de fundos multimercados não tem muitas alternativas para montar uma estratégia defensiva. Quando ele acha que a bolsa está cara, por exemplo, ele só pode se arriscar e montar uma posição vendida, apostando em um movimento do mercado financeiro.</p>
<p>Assim, poucos fundos multimercados ganham dinheiro em momentos de alta e baixa do mercado.</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/81/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=81&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/fundos-hedge-e-fundos-multimercados/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Questão ambiental ganha importância nos balanços</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/questao-ambiental-ganha-importancia-nos-balancos/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/questao-ambiental-ganha-importancia-nos-balancos/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 24 Aug 2009 13:36:56 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Uncategorized]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Ambiental]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[balanço]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/questao-ambiental-ganha-importancia-nos-balancos/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[O fenômeno é resultado da exigência cada vez maior dos investidores em relação a possíveis passivos ambientais Questões ambientais começam a aparecer com mais frequência nos balanços das companhias abertas e a fazer parte das contingências, ao lado dos tradicionais passivos trabalhistas e tributários. Das 30 maiores empresas abertas, nove &#8211; Petrobras, Vale, Neoenergia, CSN, [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=80&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>O fenômeno é resultado da exigência cada vez maior dos investidores em relação a possíveis passivos ambientais</p>
<p>Questões ambientais começam a aparecer com mais frequência nos balanços das companhias abertas e a fazer parte das contingências, ao lado dos tradicionais passivos trabalhistas e tributários. Das 30 maiores empresas abertas, nove &#8211; Petrobras, Vale, Neoenergia, CSN, Eletropaulo, Sabesp, Ultrapar, Cemig e CPFL &#8211; já mencionam contingências ambientais em seus balanços financeiros. Dessas, só Cemig e CPFL não mantêm provisões para discussões na área. </p>
<p>O fenômeno é resultado da exigência cada vez maior dos investidores em relação a possíveis passivos ambientais. Outros fatores contribuem para isso, como a regulamentação mais rígida para contabilização das discussões ambientais e a fiscalização acirrada de órgão federais e estaduais, que têm resultado em maior volume de autuações e disputas.</p>
<p>A Neoenergia, por exemplo, tem em suas demonstrações consolidadas uma provisão relacionada a um acordo feito em ação popular que pedia compensação pelos impactos socioambientais causados pela implantação da usina hidrelétrica de Itapebi. A &#8220;reserva&#8221; de R$ 19,76 milhões inclui a elaboração de estudos e medidas ambientais compensatórias. Os projetos foram implantados como condição para concessão da licença de operação pelo Ibama.</p>
<p>Fonte: Marta Watanabe, Valor<br />
24/08/2009</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/80/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=80&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/24/questao-ambiental-ganha-importancia-nos-balancos/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands join OECD tax white list</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/british-virgin-islands-and-cayman-islands-join-oecd-tax-white-list/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/british-virgin-islands-and-cayman-islands-join-oecd-tax-white-list/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 18 Aug 2009 19:13:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[BVI]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Cayman]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/british-virgin-islands-and-cayman-islands-join-oecd-tax-white-list/</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[New Zealand has signed tax information exchange agreements with the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands, bringing to 12 the number of agreements that the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands have on exchange of information for tax purposes. This moves both jurisdictions into the category of &#8216;jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=78&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p>New Zealand has signed tax information exchange agreements with the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands, bringing to 12 the number of agreements that the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands have on exchange of information for tax purposes.</p>
<p>This moves both jurisdictions into the category of &#8216;jurisdictions that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard&#8217; in the progress report initially published by the OECD Secretariat on 2 April and updated on 14 August. </p>
<p>Bermuda and Luxembourg have also been added to the OECD&#8217;s &#8216;white list&#8217; of compliant jurisdictions since it was first published.</p>
<p>Jeffrey Owens, director of the OECD&#8217;s Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, says: &#8216;Today the British Virgin Islands and the Cayman Islands take their place alongside other countries that have substantially implemented the internationally agreed tax standard. Six jurisdictions have moved into this category since April. We look forward to working further with the British Virgin Islands and Cayman Islands as they extend their network of agreements and work to swiftly and effectively implement them.&#8217;</p>
<p>The bilateral accord signed in Washington, D.C. by BVI Premier and Minister of Finance, Ralph T. O&#8217;Neal, and New Zealand&#8217;s Ambassador Roy Ferguson, brings the number to 12 of TIEAs signed by the BVI since 2002.</p>
<p>TIEAs have already been concluded with major international power players, such as the US, France, UK, Australia and seven Nordic countries. In the succeeding months, Premier O&#8217;Neal is also expected to sign additional agreements with several other countries.</p>
<p>The BVI was part of a group of countries that first signed on to the OECD standards for the effective exchange of civil and criminal tax information and transparency in April 2002.</p>
<p>Sherri Ortiz, executive director of BVI&#8217;s International Finance Centre, says: &#8220;The BVI has engaged in negotiating TIEAs since 2002 in regards to international co-operation and information exchange in tax matters, and it is something we are happy to continue.&#8221; </p>
<p>The Cayman Islands recognition came about after the country signed its 12th tax information exchange agreement with New Zealand on 13 August.</p>
<p>Cayman leader of government business and premier designate McKeeva Bush says: &#8220;For over four decades the Cayman Islands has steadily earned its place as a world-class international financial services centre. The Cayman Islands Government sees the OECD&#8217;s recognition as a natural outcome of the country&#8217;s substantial commitment to uphold an equally world-class international cooperation regime in the exchange of tax information.</p>
<p>&#8220;The Cayman Islands Government is looking forward to working in partnership with competent authorities in implementing agreements it has signed, concluding additional agreements with Cayman&#8217;s important trading partners in financial services and continuing its active role in the OECD Global Forum, to which it committed to in 2000.&#8221;</p>
<p>According to international law firm Walkers, it was always expected that Cayman and the BVI would be added to the white list without delay. However, the efforts of the Cayman and BVI governments to fast-track a number of existing negotiations, and to enter into fresh negotiations with major OECD member countries, &#8216;demonstrate their commitment to the application of international standards in the area of exchange of tax information and transparency. This endorsement will further bolster the reputation of both Cayman and BVI as hubs for international cross-border transactions and investment funds.&#8217;</p>
<p>Source: Hedge Week, Mon, 17 Aug 2009</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/78/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=78&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/18/british-virgin-islands-and-cayman-islands-join-oecd-tax-white-list/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Common Law vs Civil Law</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/common-law-vs-civil-law/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/common-law-vs-civil-law/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 11 Aug 2009 23:18:09 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Civil law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Common law]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linkedin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stare Decisis]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=76</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Things you must know about Common Law and Civil Law Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos Common Law Principles Relies primarily on court decisions to interpret legislation and develop law; Favors flexibility, although predictability comes from the principle of precedent or stare decisis;   Relies on a combination of inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning;   While common law [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=76&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong>Things you must know about Common Law and Civil Law</strong></p>
<p>Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos</p>
<p><strong>Common Law Principles</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Relies primarily on court decisions to interpret legislation and develop law;</li>
<li>Favors flexibility, although predictability comes from the principle of precedent or <em>stare decisis;</em>  </li>
<li>Relies on a combination of inductive, deductive, and analogical reasoning;  </li>
<li>While common law lawyers tend to interpret legislative law narrowly, common law courts tend to interpret legislation more broadly than civil law courts, and this provides the flexibility to address new situations without new legislative action; </li>
<li>The court solves only those issues that are put before it; the lawyers identify and frame the issues and then are the advocates for their respective sides.</li>
</ul>
<p><strong> </strong><strong>Civil Law Principles</strong></p>
<ul>
<li> Relies primarily on legislation to develop and enact laws; </li>
<li>Favors predictability and stability, but is generally very inflexible because it can be changed only by legislative action; </li>
<li>Relies primarily on deductive reasoning;  </li>
<li>Civil law lawyers tend to interpret the law expansively in order to add the flexibility necessary to apply the legislation to new situations when they arise.  However, the current trend in some civil law jurisdictions is for lawyers to keep informed about and often use prior judicial decisions (jurisprudence) in new cases; </li>
<li>The court often identifies the legal issues, investigates the facts, selects and questions the witnesses, and assumes the procedural initiative.</li>
</ul>
<p> <strong>Doctrine of <em>Stare Decisis</em></strong></p>
<p><strong> </strong>Once a court has decided a case in a certain way, future cases should be decided the same way IF the facts are substantially similar to the prior case.  This provides at least some certainty to the common law.  <em></em></p>
<p><em> </em>Considerations: </p>
<p> The doctrine applies only when the pending case is similar enough to the prior case to justify the application of the doctrine.</p>
<p> If and when there is good reason, a lower court can decide not to follow the precedent of the higher court in that jurisdiction.  The most common reason for this occurs when there has been a significant change in circumstances and/or culture since the precedent was issued. </p>
<p>A court can overrule its own prior decision when it decides that the law must change. Such change can occur for three reasons:</p>
<p>i.          the prior decision was poor reasoned originally,</p>
<p>ii.         the application of the prior decision has produced unanticipated and/or undesirable results in cases that were not anticipated when the prior decision was made, and </p>
<p>iii.         modern conditions now require a different principle or approach to the law.</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/76/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=76&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/08/11/common-law-vs-civil-law/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Direito Marítimo e Aduaneiro</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/24/direito-maritimo-e-aduaneiro/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/24/direito-maritimo-e-aduaneiro/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 Jul 2009 00:50:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Armador]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Conteiner]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Direito Aduaneiro]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Direito Marítimo]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linkedin]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=69</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[O direito do armador de recuperar os contêineres utilizados irregularmente como armazéns em portos brasileiros Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos Os principais portos do país acumulam cerca de 5 mil contêineres com cargas abandonadas pelos importadores, por razões como falência, falta de documentação exigida pela Receita Federal e agências reguladoras ou ainda porque a transação [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=69&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>O direito do armador de recuperar os contêineres </strong><strong>utilizados irregularmente como armazéns em portos brasileiros</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos</strong></p>
<p style="text-align:left;">Os principais portos do país acumulam cerca de 5 mil contêineres com cargas abandonadas pelos importadores, por razões como falência, falta de documentação exigida pela Receita Federal e agências reguladoras ou ainda porque a transação deixou de ser lucrativa devido à variação cambial. Aliás, o real continua se destacando como a moeda mais instável do mundo, desorganizando a economia e prejudicando o planejamento das empresas. Evidentemente, no mundo em crise não é só a volatilidade do real que justifica o recuo do comércio exterior.</p>
<p>Os armadores reclamam da morosidade da Receita Federal para se desfazer da carga e acabam batendo na porta do Poder Judiciário para recuperar seus contêineres. Nos termos do Decreto 4.543/06, uma carga é considerada abandonada ou &#8220;<em>em perdimento</em>&#8221; quando não é reclamada após 90 dias da chegada e determina que a Receita Federal faça o leilão, doação ou destruição dos produtos. Em caso de falsificações, por exemplo, a carga é encaminhada para destruição.</p>
<p>A Receita Federal alega que as caixas podem ser retiradas após 90 dias mas retarda a liberação por não ter pessoal suficiente para dar conta do volume de contêineres que estão nos portos. Uma solução prática seria a terceirização deste serviço como ocorre nos leilões realizados pela Justiça Federal e do Trabalho, em que um leiloeiro juramentado realiza as ofertas e presta contas posteriormente. Ademais, a missão da Receita Federal não é ser  leiloeira oficial do país e sim exercer a administração tributária e o controle aduaneiro, com justiça fiscal e respeito ao cidadão, em benefício da sociedade.</p>
<p> A maior parte das cargas abandonadas ficam entre seis meses e um ano aguardando uma solução, causando problemas não só pela ocupação de áreas nos pátios dos terminais privados, mas também impedindo a reutilização dos contêineres, um ativo de propriedade dos armadores e que por isso não pode ser usado irregularmente como armazém.</p>
<p>Em média os contêineres simples de 20 e 40 TEUs ou cerca de 18 e 36 toneladas, custam em torno US$ 2 mil e US$ 3,5 mil, respectivamente e ultrapassam US$ 35 mil para os refrigerados. Porém, o maior custo para os armadores é a sua imobilização e eventual paralização dos negócios.</p>
<p>No cenário jurídico, a Lei 6.288/75 conceitua o container da seguinte forma:-</p>
<p>Art. 3º O container, para todos os efeitos legais, não constitui embalagem das mercadorias, sendo considerado sempre um equipamento ou acessório do veículo transportador.</p>
<p>Parágrafo único. A conceituação de container não abrange veículos, acessórios ou peças de veículos e embalagens, mas compreende seus acessórios e equipamentos específicos, tais como trailers, boogies, racks, ou prateleiras, berços ou módulos, desde que utilizados como parte integrante do container.</p>
<p>Art. 4º O container deve satisfazer as condições técnicas e de segurança previstas pelas convenções internacionais existentes, pelas normas legais ou regulamentares nacionais, inclusive controle fiscal, e atender as especificações estabelecidas por organismos especializados.</p>
<p>E o Decreto 80.145/77, acrescenta:-</p>
<p>Art. 4º O container é um recipiente construído de material resistente, destinado a propiciar o transporte de mercadorias com segurança, inviolabilidade e rapidez, dotado de dispositivos de segurança aduaneira e devendo atender às condições técnicas e de segurança previstas pela legislação nacional e pelas convenções internacionais ratificadas pelo Brasil.</p>
<p>Ademais, o ingresso do container no país é disciplinado pela Lei 9.611/98, que dispõe:-</p>
<p>Art. 24 – Para os efeitos desta lei, considera-se unidade de carga qualquer equipamento adequado à unitização de mercadorias a serem transportadas. Sujeitas a movimentação de forma indivisível em todas as modalidades de transporte utilizadas no percurso.</p>
<p>Parágrafo único – A unidade de carga, seus acessórios e equipamentos não constituem embalagem e são partes integrantes do todo.</p>
<p>Art. 25 – A unidade de carga deve satisfazer aos requisitos técnicos e de segurança exigidos pelas convenções internacionais reconhecidas pelo Brasil e pelas normas legais e regulamentares nacionais.</p>
<p>Art. 26 – É livre a entrada e saída, no País, de unidade de carga e seus acessórios e equipamentos, de qualquer nacionalidade, bem como a sua utilização no transporte doméstico.</p>
<p>O Novo Regulamento Aduaneiro (Decreto 6.759/09) resolveu reconhecer no seu art. 39, que a entrada no território nacional do container é livre. Frise-se que no regulamento anterior tais unidade eram sujeitas a controle desde a entrada até a saída. Eis o que diz o regulamento:-</p>
<p>Das Unidades de Carga</p>
<p>Art. 39.  É livre, no País, a entrada e a saída de unidades de carga e seus acessórios e equipamentos, de qualquer nacionalidade, bem como a sua utilização no transporte doméstico (Lei no 9.611, de 19 de fevereiro de 1998, art. 26).</p>
<p>§ 1o  Aplica-se automaticamente o regime de admissão temporária ou de exportação temporária aos bens referidos no caput.</p>
<p>§ 2o  Poderá ser exigida a prestação de informações para fins de controle aduaneiro sobre os bens referidos no caput, nos termos estabelecidos em ato normativo da Secretaria da Receita Federal do Brasil.</p>
<p>A princípio a unidade de carga estaria livre do despacho aduaneiro. Entretanto, a Receita Federal entende necessário o despacho aduaneiro do container, submetendo-o ao regime de admissão temporária e automático. Na admissão temporária ocorre o fato gerador e seu pagamento é suspenso, até que o bem retorne ao exterior. No caso pontual da caixa, esta não precisa voltar ao exterior, pois lhe é permitida a utilização no transporte doméstico no Brasil, inclusive sem data de retorno.</p>
<p>O Poder Judiciário pacificou o assunto e vem reiteradamente decidindo que o container não se confunde com a mercadoria tranportada, vejamos:-</p>
<p><strong>ADMINISTRATIVO. APREENSÃO DE CARGA ABANDONADA. RETENÇÃO DE CONTAINER. LEIS NºS 6.288/75 E 9.611/98.</strong></p>
<p>1. Segundo o art. 24 da Lei nº 9.611/98, os containers constituem-se em equipamentos que permitem a reunião ou unitização de mercadorias a ser transportadas, não podendo ser confundidos com embalagem ou acessório da mercadoria transportada.</p>
<p>2. Inexiste amparo jurídico para a apreensão de containers, os quais, pela sua natureza, não se confundem com a própria mercadoria transportada.</p>
<p>3. Recurso especial improvido.</p>
<p>STJ/2ª TURMA &#8211; RESP 908890 &#8211; Processo: 200602677491/SP</p>
<p><strong>PROCESSUAL CIVIL. ADMINISTRATIVO. RECURSO ESPECIAL. MANDADO DE SEGURANÇA. PERDIMENTO DE MERCADORIA. APREENSÃO DO CONTÊINER (UNIDADE DE CARGA). ALEGADA VIOLAÇÃO DO ART. 24, PARÁGRAFO ÚNICO, DA LEI 9.611/98. NÃO-OCORRÊNCIA. INEXISTE RELAÇÃO DE ACESSORIEDADE ENTRE O CONTÊINER E A MERCADORIA NELE TRANSPORTADA. EXEGESE DO ART. 92 DO CÓDIGO CIVIL. RECURSO CONHECIDO E DESPROVIDO.</strong></p>
<p>1. A questão controvertida consiste em saber se o contêiner utilizado no transporte de carga é acessório da mercadoria nele transportada e, por conseqüência, deve sofrer a pena de perdimento aplicada à mercadoria apreendida por abandono.</p>
<p>2. O Tribunal a quo entendeu que o contêiner não se confunde com a mercadoria nele transportada, razão pela qual considerou ilícita sua apreensão em face da decretação da pena de perdimento da carga. A recorrente, em vista disso, pretende seja reconhecido o contêiner como acessório da carga transportada, aplicando-se-lhe a regra de que o acessório segue o principal.</p>
<p>3. &#8220;Principal é o bem que existe sobre si, abstrata ou concretamente; acessório, aquele cuja existência supõe a do principal” (CC/02, art. 92).</p>
<p>4. Definido, legalmente, como qualquer equipamento adequado à unitização de mercadorias a serem transportadas e não se constituindo embalagem da carga (Lei 9.611/98, art. 24 e parágrafo único), o contêiner tem existência concreta, destinado a uma função que lhe é própria (transporte), não dependendo, para atingir essa finalidade, de outro bem juridicamente qualificado como principal.</p>
<p>5. Assim, a interpretação do art. 24 da Lei 9.611/98, à luz do disposto no art. 92 do Código Civil, não ampara o entendimento da recorrente no sentido de que a unidade de carga é acessório da mercadoria transportada, ou seja, que sua existência depende desta.</p>
<p>Inexiste, pois, relação de acessoriedade que legitime sua apreensão ou perdimento porque decretada a perda da carga.</p>
<p>6. Recurso especial conhecido e desprovido.</p>
<p>STJ – 1ª TURMA &#8211; RESP 526767 &#8211; Processo: 200300727870/PR</p>
<p>Portanto, o armador tem legitimidade e direito de pleitear administrativa e judicialmente, inclusive em carácter de urgência, a liberação de suas unidades de carga (contêineres) retidos irregularmente pelas autoridades nos portos brasileiros.</p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/69/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=69&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/24/direito-maritimo-e-aduaneiro/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>1</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Structured Finance &#8211; Credit Securities</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/structured-finance-credit-securities/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/structured-finance-credit-securities/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 18 Jul 2009 02:50:06 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Credit Securities]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linkedin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Structured Finance]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=66</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Brazil &#8211; Securities<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=66&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a rel="attachment wp-att-65" href="http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/structured-finance-credit-securities/brazil-securities/">Brazil &#8211; Securities</a></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/66/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=66&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/18/structured-finance-credit-securities/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>0</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
		<item>
		<title>Trust and Fiduciary Services</title>
		<link>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/17/trust-and-fiduciary-services/</link>
		<comments>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/17/trust-and-fiduciary-services/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 17 Jul 2009 20:08:33 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Artigos]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Fiduciary Services]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Linkedin]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Trust]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/?p=62</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos  Concept The concept of a trust is an arrangement whereby property is transferred from one person (the Settlor) to another person (the Trustee) who holds the property for the benefit of specific people (the Beneficiaries). A Trust Deed sets out the terms and conditions under which the Trustees hold the [...]<img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=62&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p style="text-align:left;"><strong>Marcelo Ruiz Rodrigues dos Santos </strong></p>
<p><strong>Concept</strong></p>
<p>The concept of a trust is an arrangement whereby property is transferred from one person (the Settlor) to another person (the Trustee) who holds the property for the benefit of specific people (the Beneficiaries). A Trust Deed sets out the terms and conditions under which the Trustees hold the trust assets. It also outlines the rights of the Beneficiaries.</p>
<p>A trust is not dissimilar to a will except that assets are transferred to trustees during lifetime rather than assets being transferred to executors on death. The Trust Deed is comparable to the will.</p>
<p>Those unfamiliar with the trust concept may be concerned about transferring ownership of their property to a Trustee. This concern can be alleviated if the distinction between legal and beneficial ownership is properly understood and the trust is governed by sound law enforced in a reputable jurisdiction.</p>
<p><strong>Legal and Beneficial Ownership</strong></p>
<p>For formal legal purposes the Trustee is recognised as the legal owner of the property. The persons who have the benefit of the property are the Beneficiaries. These are important distinctions. The Settlor may retain an interest in the trust – for example, be an actual or potential beneficiary – but this can have tax disadvantages for the Settlor. The Trustee must remain independent and exercise proper control over the trust property. If the person who sets up the trust continues to exercise control over the trust assets the trust may be rendered void.</p>
<p><strong>Accountability of Trustees</strong></p>
<p>The law imposes strict obligations and rules on Trustees. A Trustee may not derive any direct or indirect advantage from a trust, unless expressly permitted by the trust deed. For example, a professional Trustee may charge for services but these charges – and the basis for them – must be fully disclosed and agreed with the Settlor.</p>
<p><strong>Duty of Trustee to Obey Trust Documents</strong></p>
<p>The Trustee is required to obey the directions contained in the trust deed, regarding who is entitled to what and the management of the trust property. Trustees are also subject to very strict rules governing their use of power and discretion.</p>
<p><strong>Fiduciary Relationship of  Trustee</strong></p>
<p>The Trustee has serious and onerous obligations and is subject to the following rules:</p>
<h4>No private advantage</h4>
<p>A Trustee is not permitted to use or deal with trust property for direct or indirect private advantage. If necessary, the court will hold the Trustee personally liable to account for any profits made in breach of this obligation.</p>
<h4>Best Interests of Beneficiaries</h4>
<p>Trustees must exercise all their powers in the best interests of the beneficiaries of the trust. They must disregard the interests of others – including the Settlor.</p>
<h4>Act Prudently</h4>
<p>Trustees must act prudently in the management of trust property. If, by failing to exercise proper care, the trust fund suffers loss, the trustee will be liable for breach of trust. Professional Trustees are expected by the courts to exercise a high standard of skill and failure to do this will constitute a breach of trust for which the Trustees will be liable to compensate the beneficiaries.</p>
<p><strong>Advantages of a Trust</strong></p>
<p>Trusts are a powerful tax-planning tool but they also have many other uses that are of equal if not greater importance. A properly drafted and managed trust can be advantageous for any or all of the following:</p>
<h4>Asset Protection</h4>
<p>Trusts can be one of the most effective ways to protect assets, as assets transferred to a trust no longer form part of the Settlor’s property. This means the assets cannot normally be seized if the Settlor gets into financial difficulties, for example, as a result of bankruptcy or divorce.</p>
<p>The rules of many onshore jurisdictions may, in certain circumstances, order the trust assets to be transferred back to the Settlor. This could arise if a creditor is able to prove that the Settlor transferred assets into trust with the intention of avoiding a current or future liability, or if the liability arose within a statutory period after the transfer into trust.</p>
<p>To overcome this problem many offshore jurisdictions have enacted legislation creating the &#8216;Asset Protection Trust&#8217;. This protects assets transferred into trust as long as the Settlor is solvent at the time of the transfer and does not become insolvent as a result of it. For maximum security it is important to set up a trust in an offshore jurisdiction that has enacted this type of legislation.</p>
<h4>Tax Planning</h4>
<p>A correctly structured and administered trust may produce substantial savings in income tax, capital gains tax and inheritance tax/estate duty.</p>
<h4>Avoiding the Expense and Delays of Probate</h4>
<p>In most common law jurisdictions an individual’s estate must go through the probate procedure. This can cause delay, expense, publicity and upheaval. By establishing a trust, probate can be avoided. Death has no effect on the trust property, which will continue to be held and managed in confidence by the Trustee.</p>
<h4>Confidentiality</h4>
<p>Proving a will is a public procedure and therefore entirely unsuitable for those wishing to keep details of their assets confidential. The only legal alternative form of asset transfer is via a trust. This would generally save estate duty and keep the trust assets confidential.</p>
<h4>Avoiding Forced Heirship</h4>
<p>Forced heirship is a particular problem in continental Europe and other civil law jurisdictions, as well as in countries of Islamic tradition. A trust can be used to overcome this problem if care is taken to select a jurisdiction for the trust that has an appropriate trust law.</p>
<h4>Estate Planning</h4>
<p>Many people prefer to make more complex arrangements for the distribution of their assets. These might include providing a source of income for a widow or making provision for the education of children. A trust is probably the most satisfactory and flexible way to make arrangements of this kind.</p>
<h4>Protecting the weak</h4>
<p>A trust allows a person to provide for those who may be unable to manage their own affairs such as infant children, the aged, or persons suffering from certain illnesses.</p>
<h4>Preserving Family Assets</h4>
<p>Preserving family assets, or increasing them, is often a motive for setting up a trust. An individual may wish to ensure that wealth accumulated over a lifetime is not divided up amongst the heirs, but retained as one fund. The fund can then accumulate further with provision for payments to members of the family as necessary, while preserving some assets for later generations.</p>
<h4>Continuing a Family Business</h4>
<p>A person who has built up a business will often want to ensure that it continues after their death. If the company shares are transferred into a trust prior to death, the unnecessary liquidation of the family business can be prevented.</p>
<p>In a situation where family members have little business experience, the Trustees could be instructed to retain the shares, keep the company running, and provide payment to members of the family from dividend income. The terms of the trust will ensure that the individual’s wishes are observed.</p>
<h4>Gaining flexibility</h4>
<p>A discretionary trust can provide a structure that is capable of rapid change as circumstances demand.</p>
<p><strong>Jurisdiction</strong></p>
<p>A trust can be set up in many jurisdictions – both offshore and onshore – but it is important that the jurisdiction:</p>
<ul>
<li>has a strong tradition of enforcing trusts</li>
<li>has an English Common Law system</li>
<li>has an established reputation for trust business</li>
<li>has enacted modern legislation which embraces the newer concepts of trusts – particularly asset protection imposes low or no tax on the trust</li>
</ul>
<p>Only a small number of jurisdictions are able to offer all the important elements, such as Netherlands Antilles, Cayman Islands, British Virgin Islands, Gibraltar, the Turks &amp; Caicos Islands and the Isle of Man.</p>
<p><strong>Disadvantages and Solutions</strong></p>
<h4>Irrevocability</h4>
<p>It is not correct that trusts cannot be revoked. Trusts can be made revocable, but this usually has tax, estate duty, asset protection and stamp duty disadvantages. Revocability should be discussed when the terms of the trust are considered.</p>
<h4>Loss of Control of Property</h4>
<p>There are many people who like the idea of a trust but want to continue to exercise effective control over the trust assets, despite the transfer to the Trustees. If too much control is retained, however, the person who set up the trust may be regarded by law as the owner. This may make the trust invalid. The following are devices that may reassure the Settlor about the concept of a trust and the transfer of assets:</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Memorandum of Wishes</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>It is common for the wishes of the Settlor to be noted in a written memorandum. This outlines how the assets would have been managed had the Settlor retained ownership. The wishes of the Settlor are not binding, but in practice most reputable Trustees would follow them unless a change of circumstances makes it disadvantageous to the beneficiaries to act in that way.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Protector</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>When setting up a trust it is possible to appoint a protector who has some degree of control over the trust property. We recommend limiting the protector’s powers to vetoing the decisions or actions of the Trustees, rather than having power to force the Trustees to act in a particular way as it is important to avoid the protector being considered a quasi-Trustee and possibly causing tax disadvantages.</p>
<p>It is usual for a trusted friend, relative or professional adviser of the Settlor to be appointed protector. It is also becoming increasingly common to use the services of a professional trust company.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Two Tier Company and Trust Structure</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>Greater flexibility can sometimes be achieved by having the underlying assets owned by a company whose shares are owned by a trust. The Settlor may act as the director of the company and therefore exercise day-to-day control over the underlying assets with minimal need to refer to the Trustees.</p>
<p>This two-tier structure may have tax and other disadvantages where the director of the company is resident in a high tax country but can be used to good effect in certain situations.</p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Joint Trustees</strong><strong></strong></li>
</ul>
<p>A trust could be structured so that there are joint Trustees, with the agreement of both needed in order to take any action. The second trustee could be the Settlor or a corporation controlled by the Settlor. There may be negative tax or other consequences resulting from such a structure if the Settlor is resident in a high tax jurisdiction but this may be a solution worth considering.</p>
<h4>Costs</h4>
<p>Many people believe that the costs of running a trust are prohibitive. But the level of fees charged by independent trust companies generally makes the advantages of setting up a trust available to those with even relatively modest estates. Non-institutional trust companies offer a more personalised service and also benefit from the fact that they are truly independent.</p>
<p><strong> </strong></p>
<br />  <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gocomments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/comments/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godelicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/delicious/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gofacebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/facebook/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gotwitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/twitter/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/gostumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/stumble/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/godigg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/digg/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <a rel="nofollow" href="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/goreddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/"><img alt="" border="0" src="http://feeds.wordpress.com/1.0/reddit/marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/62/" /></a> <img alt="" border="0" src="http://stats.wordpress.com/b.gif?host=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com&amp;blog=8138474&amp;post=62&amp;subd=marceloruizrodriguesdossantos&amp;ref=&amp;feed=1" width="1" height="1" />]]></content:encoded>
			<wfw:commentRss>http://marceloruizrodriguesdossantos.wordpress.com/2009/07/17/trust-and-fiduciary-services/feed/</wfw:commentRss>
		<slash:comments>2</slash:comments>
	
		<media:content url="http://1.gravatar.com/avatar/1cec5cee2a683574163226f01fa0cd7b?s=96&#38;d=identicon&#38;r=G" medium="image">
			<media:title type="html">marceloruizrodriguesdossantos</media:title>
		</media:content>
	</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
